Comparison of Civilizations in the Ancient World Essay

Early civilization consisted of core values that defined the communities that resided within it. These communities were driven by numerous factors in which would decide the overall outcome of the civilization. Geography, social and economic values, and they’re culture all played an important role in the makeup of these civilizations. Mesopotamia was a successful farming community early on. Utilizing the Tigris and Euphrates rivers this community was able to create a successful way of farming through the use of irrigation and drainage ditches (Duiker Spielvogel, 2010). Once the use of irrigation became large scale and widely used it was possible to support a larger community base and thus encouraged expansion throughout the civilization.†¦show more content†¦Discovery of clay tablets inscribed with cuneiform proved that the Mesopotamian civilization were able to communicate through written pictures and stylized signs, this was used for purpose of record keeping and schools to teach cuneiform. Egyptian civilization was born from the vast and unique Nile River. This river provided the rich â€Å"Black Land† soil that was the foundation for agriculture (Duiker Spielvogel, 2010). Although there was no need for irrigation as in Mesopotamia, Egyptians were able to provide an abundance of foods for their civilization base. The Nile River not only provided land perfect for farming it was also used as a mode of transportation for the Egyptians enabling the trade of imports and exports. Due to natural barriers in the geography and the strategic use of fortifications, Egyptians were able to create a secure way of life protected from invasion. This way of life was organized hierarchical lines with a god-king at the top (Duiker Spielvogel, 2010). The ruling class consisted of nobles and priests who assisted the god-king and ran the government. The middle class society was made up of merchants and artisans who controlled trade and art while the rest of the population were comm on farmers and slaves. Similar to the Mesopotamians, controlling the vast civilization of Egypt were the numerous gods and goddesses created by the polytheism belief. These gods were represented in wall paintings,Show MoreRelatedThe Most Influential Innovators Of The Ancient World Essay1510 Words   |  7 Pagessouth and mountain ranges dotted the north. This land was also known as the Fertile Crescent. Mesopotamia is one of the first major of civilization along with others that sprung up along major rivers around the world at approximately the same time. Mesopotamia was home to the Sumerians, who became known as one of the most influential innovators of the ancient world. A couple thousand miles southwest of Mesopotamia lies the land of Egypt. Like Mesopotamia, Egypt had the mighty Nile flowing south toRead MoreEssay about Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece903 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece† According to history there existed two of many important ancient civilizations that left a significant mark in the history of human development that even today leaves modern society in awe of its greatness. In spite of being distant civilizations, Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece share similarities and difference in terms of how they practiced religion,political structure, everyday life style, and how they built the monumental architectures that continued to amazeRead MoreSamuel Kramer s Argument That The Ancient Civilization Of Sumer And The Modern Day World Essay1402 Words   |  6 PagesSamuel Kramer’s argument that the ancient civilization of Sumer and the modern-day world are â€Å"fundamentally analogous† (p. 250) is supported heavily throughout his literary work History Begins at Sumer, and has evidenced this from the social perspective, as well as from an institutional one. The first social comparison Kramer mentions is that of Juvenile Delinquency. Starting from page 14, Kramer describes a fathers point of view about this social disease and describe that his child is one of fewRead MoreAncient Egypt And The Egyptian Civilization951 Words   |  4 PagesBC, the rise of the civilization along the Nile river began what we know today as the reign of Egypt. As one of humanity s oldest civilizations, Ancient Egypt was responsible for the amalgamate out of the smaller cultures found along the Nile River and into the Nile Valley civilization, developing into the three stages of kingdoms over time. The Egyptians or the Nile Valley civilization got its name due to the proximity of the river Nile in Egypt. Rivers of the ancient world were vital to mankindRead MoreEgypt And Mesopotamia Similarities984 Words   |  4 Pageswhat ways were the civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt alike? In what ways were they different? What accounts for these similarities and d ifferences? Mesopotamia and Egypt were the first known civilizations in history. While maintaining separate identities, they still managed to have a vast number of similarities. Differences that go beyond general location were also very prevalent between the two civilizations. One of the biggest similarities between the two civilizations is that they bothRead MoreThe Link Between Earth And Heaven1278 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferences between each ancient civilization. Despite cultural differences, miles of separation, and existence in difference centuries, all three of the civilizations discussed above share one distinct similarity that links them all together—The link between Earth and heaven. All three civilizations maintained an expectation for their kings to perform the same task: to serve as the main connector between the heavens and life on Earth. Beginning in Mesopotamian civilization, the link between mereRead MoreAnalysis Of Ruins Of An Ancient City, By John Martin1456 Words   |  6 Pagesthat would spread throughout Europe, the United States, and Latin America. The characteristics typical of Romantic painting consist of landscapes, freedom, and beauty. John Martin s Ruins of an Ancient City, completed around 1810-1820, depicts desolate ruins that remind us that all civilizations will eventually collapse. In its wake, a new culture will develop out of the previous one, with or without knowledge of the past. The piece implicitly shows that the ruins serve as a place of sightseeingRead MoreThe Product Of Baked Products832 Words   |  4 Pagesto shed light on the baked products in Ancient Egypt such as cakes and bread†¦.etc, to spot light on the different types of bakery in Ancient Egypt, to focus on the shapes and sizes of bakery throughout the history of Ancient Egypt, to study the representations of cakes and b read and other types of baked products on the walls of the ancient Egyptians private tombs dating back to the Old, to shed light on the baking techniques all over the history of Ancient Egypt, to study the relation between theRead MoreClassical Civilizations of Ancient Greece, Rome, and China Essay897 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout history, there have been many civilizations, empires, colonies, and tribes that have impacted the world. The civilizations of Greece, Rome, and China have done this, but what sets them apart from the others is their lasting significance and lasting impact they had on the world. For this reason, they are considered classical civilizations. To describe how Greece, Rome, and Han China are classical, there are three systems that are used; these are Economic, Social, and Political. OutRead MoreThe Romanticism Of The 19th Century1289 Words   |  6 Pagescharacteristics typical of Romanticism consists of landscapes, freedom, and beauty. John Martin s Ruins of an Ancient City, completed around 1810-1820, depicts desolate ruins that remind us that a civilization will eventually collapse due to the passage of time. In its wake, a new culture will grow out of the previous one, but it will require knowledge of the past to develop. All knowledge of civilization is not erased completely from history; it is documented through the use of observation, preservation

The Development Of Memory And Truth. After Doing Research

The Development of Memory and Truth After doing research on Post Traumatic Stress disorder, there seemed to spark a striking argument of truth in memory based on how it is retrieved and convoluted with people’s previous perceptions. Truth and fact can be altered based on one’s viewpoint of a subject and preceding experiences. Authors can portray common themes in novels using drastically different methods such as character development, stylistic structures, and literary devices. In the novel In Our Time, by Ernest Hemingway, and Song of Solomon, by Toni Morrison, both pieces end up developing a similar idea, but use different literary approaches. The idea both novels end up concluding to is that there really is no certain truths in†¦show more content†¦The truth of who you are as a person is inexhaustible and cannot be represented by one certain thing. This is an essentialist idea that can only be reified by understanding all the background knowledge prior. The counter argument could be made that the authors include character development in novels only in order to progress the storyline or plot. This idea is faulty because readers often relate themselves to characters, which authors are aware of, and by doing this they can see the good and the bad in a character’s actions. The judgment of these characters and seeing progression or possibly regression is what draws out the underlying themes or concepts. Character development is not the only way that authors have expressed concepts, themes, or ideas in text. In the novel In Our Time, Hemingway uses more of simplistic language, but adds in stylistic structure and devices to portray his themes. With PTSD, the â€Å"truth† in memory occurs because of severe emotional and significant memories that are either constantly repressed or reawakened. The way Hemingway reveals these persistent memories is in the chapter Soldier’s Home where Kreb’s shows signs of repression of war memories and actively tries to avoid talking about it with the people in his town; ADD QUOTE?Hemingway continuously brings up how Krebs avoids talking to this person and that person, which is aShow MoreRelatedMemories And Its Impact On Society1387 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Memories are part of who we are. We collect memories through our entire life and these define the persons we become and our understanding of the world. The mechanisms at the basis of our memory have always fascinated scholars, and the study of memory has soon shifted from the individual dimension to the collective one. How collective memories define an entire society and the role these have when, due to traumatic events, the society is threatened has been studied thoroughly. It isRead MoreAlcohol and Its Effects on the Body Essay932 Words   |  4 Pagesbrain is affected extremely from alcohol. While you are under the influence, cognitive abilities are affected even with the smallest measures of alcohol. Memory cells and those cells that pertain to memory are the brain cells that are most susceptible to alcohol. Alcohol prohibits the transfer and consolidation of memory-therefore, we will not be able to remember what happened before drinking and during that allotted time period. Drinking affects REM sleep. Therefore,Read MorePersonality of an Intp1425 Words   |  6 Pages The research I have conducted explains the way I grow and think as a human being. It will give reason to my nonsocial habits and my tendencies to focus in on problems. This research not only gives understanding to the basic of my personality traits but it demonstrated my strengths and weaknesses as well. INTPs are very logical people and can do great things. As thinkers INTPs look at wide variety of outcomes in a situation. Clarity is essential to how situations are handled. My research gave aRead More The Development of Psychology Essay1156 Words   |  5 PagesThe Development of Psychology Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior and the mind. This definition implies three things. The first is that psychology is a science, a field that can be studied through objective methods of observation and experimentation. The second is that it is the study of behavior, animal activity that can be observed and measured. And the third is that it is the study of the mind, the conscious and unconscious mental states that cannot be seen but inferredRead MoreAthleticism : Nature Or Nurture?1634 Words   |  7 Pagesindividual grows up to be an athlete, we question them on why they are so talented. There are two factors that are taken into account on this topic, and that is their genetic features or their biocultural characteristics. 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Both theory and information relating to the psychology studies will be addressed. This essay will also outline the ethical responsibilities of the psychologists carrying out psychological research studies. The two psychological studies that would not be considered ethical today that will be discussed in this essay is the renowned Milgram obedience experiment and Harlow’s monkey experiment testing infant dependency on monkeys. These two studiesRead MoreEssay on My Personal Philosophy of Education1490 Words   |  6 Pagesof my own personal experiences. I relied basically upon my memories and thoughts about my own educational experiences. However, describing my philosophy of education was much more difficult task for me to accomplish. First of all, before I could properly describe my philosophy, I realized I needed a working definition of the concept of philosophy. 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In fact, an article, A Brief History of Hypnosis, stated Ancient Chinese, Hindu, and Egyptian texts all mention healing procedures that are hypnotic inductions by any other name.For something so old, one would think we would have a better understanding of it. Modern hypnosis got a lot from Franz Mesmer (1734-1815), an Austrian physician, who worked with

Business Bureau Protecting Consumers & Dealing with Organization

Question : (1) Which is the Better Business Bureau's most important stakeholder, business or consumers ? (2) Do you believe the BBB can be truly impartial given its financial dependence on business ? (3) What actions would you take to ensure that an ethical misconduct disaster such as the pay-for-play scheme does not happen again ? Answer : Executive Summary Better Business Bureau (BBB) is a non profit organization, established in 1912, with the aim to build and advance the trust in the marketplace for the customers as well as the suppliers. The organization is governed by Council of Better Business Bureau, with its headquarters in Arlington, Virginia. It comprises of 112 independent BBB organizations working on local level, together they form a massive organization, working for the development and advancement of the trust in marketplace between the customers, with effective and unique methodology followed. Better Business Bureau is a pioneer in its own kind with branches performing all over. BBB is involved in the activity of collecting and providing business reviews to the customers, free of cost. It reviews around 4 million businesses scattered all across USA, and including all types of business categories. This organization does this review process for catering the information request done by more than 123 million customers from all over the country, and this fact sheet is of 2013 (Lewis, 2002). Enormous number of customers requiring information visit BBBs website and has brought it among the top 300 most visited websites in the entire country. Basic work of BBB is to acts as a bridge between customers and the business groups, by helping to settle the disputes, if any. BBB gets an average of 7 million business disputes every year, with a count of 885,000 disputes in the year 2013 itself, out of which around 78% of the disputes were successfully solved. Although there is the word Bureau involved in the name of BBB, but Better Business Bureau neither report to any government organization nor is a sister concern or a child organization of any government body. The business houses that come and join this organization do it on their own and through industries self-regulations. BBB avoids the image of a biased organization, by holding itself back from providing extra interests to some organization by endorsing or advertising the same more than others (Tari, 2011). Introduction Better Business Bureau is involved in a noble cause of providing unbiased reviews to the customers, free of cost, but there have been incidences which show that BBB is also not truly ethical in its code of conduct. There has been reported incidences where the rating of an organization has been increased just because it paid a membership fees, and the rating of another organization was depreciated as it refused to pay the membership fees (Stern, 2002). We will discuss about the issue in deep in this essay. Better Business Bureaus most important stakeholder, businesses or consumers Before talking about the key stake holders in the business environment, we must first understand who the stake holders are and what their role in an organization is. An individual or a group of persons having some vested interests in the organization are known as stake holders. They can be broadly classified into 5 main categories: Owners The one who owns the organization or the one who is the whole sole responsible for all the issues regarding the organization is the owner of it. He has all the interest in the organization and is the major stake holder of the organization, as it is his only (Chircu Kaufmann, 2000). Creditors Person or any organization, acting as the funding agency to the organization for carrying out the organizational activities smoothly is the creditors. They have monetary interests in the organization as it is their money which is on stake, and they will be directly or indirectly affected by the growth or fall of the organization. Employees They are the primary building blocks of any organization. Without an efficient and dedicated in addition to skilled and laborious workforce, no organization can carry out functions smoothly or grow big in size (Smith, Drum Gentile, 2010). They are directly affected by the organizations performance as their career depends on it. Suppliers The person or the organization, supplying raw material to any organization is the supplier (Kalshoven, Hartog Hoogh, 2011). They are joined with the organization as their payments and further orders depend on the organizations performance. Customers Last but the most important link of the chain is the end consumers, or the customers. These are the one who finally buy the product from the market of any company (Tallon Gurbaxami, 2000). It is their interest which can make a product hit in the market or can make it smell the ground. Customers are not easily understandable, they have different sets of choices, it is the companys area of research how are they going to attract more and more customers towards their product and make their product hit and their organization grow. So for any organization, the customer is the top most priority, because without them their products and all their efforts are waste of time and money. As it is clear from the above data that customers are the key stake holders of any organization, as they are the end consumers and without them nothing is possible. If they are unhappy from the product then no organization can even dream to grow big or even stand a chance in market. Same is the case applied to Better Business Bureau. An organization that is working for the betterment of the customers only can never put anyone else on the top most priority for him. BBB also puts customer as the key stake holder in the market and works according to the needs and benefits of customers only (Sims Sims, 1991). Working in the interest of customers, BBB brings them with free of cost reviews and analysis about millions of business organizations working in America in all the parts of it. They provide a detailed insight to the customers about the organization, and in addition to it BBB also provides them with a ranking scale for the businesses. This scale helps the customers to compare between various organizations in the marketplace. Better Business Bureau acts as an intermediary between the customer and business and helps in building trust between them in the market place by doing extensive research on the organizations and then scaling and rating them on tough industrial and other criterias, and then bringing forward the results in front the customers in form of reviews as on request by them. BBB although not an organization designed to settle disputes between the two also tries to maintain harmony and peace between the two parties, and has a high success rate too in such issues (Kohli Jaworshki, 1990). Thus, it could be definitely inferred out from the above provided facts that Better Business Bureau keeps the customer as the Key Stake Holder in their area of work and work according to the needs and benefits of the customers only. BBB Is it truly impartial because of its financial dependence on businesses Better Business Bureau is non-profit organizations in the business which insure that a market place always insure its integrity. BBB should continuously assess its effectiveness in achieving its mission. In this part we ensure that BBB has defined, measurable goals and objectives in place and a defined process in place to evaluate the success and impact of its program(s) in fulfilling the goals and objectives of the organization and that also identifies ways to address any deficiencies (Bazerman Tenbrunsel, 2011). How can the financial outcome is carried out is explain in the above diagram. At first check out the business opportunity with the benefit of increase, patient, experience and quality business. The desired behavior of business with respect to the quality is greater value per involvements. At the financial outcome state each involvement in business receives the greater priority with higher profit. Whenever we are searching for the answer, BBB is truly impartial or not then the answer is no. There must be a reason for companies to invest in the BBB. If the position of non-members were the same as members, then the company will give little reason to invest (Churchill, 1982). What are the reasons that force us to believe that BBB is impartial for financial dependency on business are as follows. Ethical decision making and ethical climate In any organization there are different types of benefits. BBB not only focus on financial benefits Measurements of financial benefits is purely depend upon the subjective or qualitative benefits Commitment and benefit delivery by BBB show the impartial financial dependency on business BBB equally linked the IT and the business changes for the financial dependency. This ensures a consideration of how the business case will be realized (Elango, Paul, Kundu Paudel, 2010). And also capture the priorities for the funds and resources. Before start the any business process at first understand the implementation of process redesign and training Transparency with customer interaction Responsible Act Provide quality product and better services BBB always uses an effective plan for its financial dependency. BBB policies are Track record, market research about business, what and why strategy, re-establishment capacity, sufficient amount and budget of financial benefit. The research reports of the various organizations depend upon the benefit type, and achieve target value (Tari, 2011). Senior manager of any organization are always interested in the subjective benefit. Quality concern may be a second option for this. The survey report of BBB give the quality result and subjective benefits both without any biasing. The benefits range over the graph is defining the target value in 2015. How can the business work out and what will be its next outcome are totally unbiased. Above graph chart is focus on the any organizations financial growth. The research in business technologys considered the capabilities and configurations have not changed significantly over the last few decades (Ross Weill, 2002). The financial growth report by BBB with respect to any IT industries From our research and work with management teams in a wide range of organizations in both the private and public sectors, BBB have developed a six-step approach to building more rigorous and robust business cases. Objectives consideration with benefit of business Drivers and Investment Identify Benefits, Measures and Owner Define the benefit mode Always update the Organizational Changes enabling Benefits Determine the clear Value of each Benefit Identify Costs and Risks Why BBB is Impartial for its financial dependency Long duration of business. BBB continuously checks licensing and government actions before a business is accredited by BBB (Boddy, 2011). Impartial because of advertisement issues of complain issued. The grading system of BBB is as follows. From the above grading system we can analysis that BBB is impartial. We take in BBB a complaint that's not resolved easily. Complaining about the BBB can result in your business losing accreditation with the BBB. The fact is that BBBs existence is largely as a platform for lodging complaints with any organization. And not give truly impartial for its financial dependency on business (Crotty, 2009). Better Business Bureau got an impartial image after the setback taken by the episode of Pay to Play in which the organization was alleged of taking money for awarding the A+ grade in the report sheet. This was due to the internal rewarding system of the organization which appreciated the employees by a 45% commission on every first year membership sale, due to this there occurred a race condition where everyone was busy in making money and they sold the membership to non-worthy organizations too for the return of a better rating (Ethics Resource Center, 2009). The case came to light when it was reported that two dummy companies got an A+ rating after the payment of membership fees. After the issue got highlighted, serious measures were taken to improve the lost image of BBB and gain back the old prestige. As a result an internal enquiry was imposed finding the then CEO guilty of this leading to his resignation. The new ethical policies were brought in effect, also changing the intern al reward system which caused this damage to happen. The new policy was very much transparent to both the customers as well as to the companies participating (Peppard, Ward Daniel, 2007). Action taken to ensure that an ethical misconduct disaster such as pay-for-play scheme does not happen again Many of the organizations have complained about the grading policy of the Better Business Bureau to be money centred, and good for only those who pay the fees for their membership. In 2010, in a report published by ABCs 20/20, BBB has been accused of the irregularities in its grading system. The report contained the story of a man who started two dummy organizations, and those dummy received an A+ rating as soon as he paid the membership fees for getting accredited from BBB (Enron code of ethics, 2000). The report also threw light on the saying by BBBs officials, that the only way to get a better rating is to take the membership by paying their fees. This was due to the organizations internal reward system that asked its employees to sell a membership for a better internal reward point. After all these accusations and allegations, and unravelling of many truths and facts about the organization, the mother organization of BBB, i.e. The Council for Better Business Bureau dropped their internal reward system and also announced that the policy of providing an edge to the BBB accredited businesses in the grading process will be shed off completely, leading to a better grading system which is free from such flaws (Lazere, 1997). This statement came at the time when the organization was suffering from the damage caused by the devastating Pay for Play episode. Pay for Play is a term used to mark a situation where money has been used as a tool to get in the game or to get benefit from something unethically or unlawfully. It is mostly associated in the sports context where a player pays the money to get in the team. But the same applies in other fields too like that of business, where it happened, that the money was used a ladder to gain the extra points in the BBB rating and get a better or say best rating, although being non deserving candidate for that grade (Chandler Wallace, 2001). The main issue in this scandal was the internal rewarding system of BBB, which awarded a 45% commission to those who sold the first year membership to the businesses coming to them for review and accreditation. This type of reward system created a race condition within the company and everyone ran to grab the opportunity of earning more money. It was the time when BBB had to change its current rewarding system that was sales based to a pitch based rewarding system, where an employee was to be judged on the efforts he put and not on the sale he made. It is truly said that the ethical conduct is very much dependent on the stake holders of the organization (Chandler, 2005). This happened in the case of BBB, when the customers, its key stake holders came to know about such a fraudulent activity in BBB they lost the trust in the organization and BBB started to lose its meaning. Due to this the organizations the then CEO had to resign due to an internal enquiry, where he was found guilty of supporting the practice of Pay to Play. After his resignation, the organization performed a major workout on its policies and grading system, and made it very much transparent to the companies as well as for the customers (LeClair, Ferrell Fraedrich, 1998). The grading system of BBB included a variety of criteria, that needed to be fulfilled in order to get rated from it. BBB awarded grades from A+ being the highest to F being the lowest. Business those are marked as N.R is due to the reasons that insufficient information is available about it or there is an ongoing review/update of the business' file. BBB grades are based on the following factors: The grades provided by BBB are not a guarantee to the companys loyalty; they are based on the above mentioned criteria for evaluation purpose. It is always advised by BBB that the customers should also use their own knowledge and wisdom to judge an organization regardless of the rating given to them (Gottlich Sanzgiri, 1996). The new code of ethics developed by BBB includes: Education Truthfulness Honesty Integrity Courtesy Stability Ethical misconduct needs to be strongly dealt with, as it happened in the case of BBB, when the organization took a setback after the Pay to Play episode, the key stake holders lost the faith in BBB (Ibid, 1999). The organization then rapidly organized an internal enquiry to check for the claims being made against BBB, and found that the CEO was aware of this and was guilty of it, hence had to resign from the post. Such rapid and strict action to maintain the quality won the trust back and also demonstrated how such a condition is to be dealt with. Conclusion In order to establish its credibility again, BBB is making a lot of changes in itself right from implementing more number of procedures so as to do better investigation in complaints, to adding a new process wherein even a third party can help them while reviewing. The BBB may even make their own bureau members more apt, through their own ethics as well as compliance related programs, so that they can easily help in recognizing certain misconduct as well as help in creating organizational cultures which can help in promoting certain ethical conduct (Chandler, 2000). They may even start to monitor as well as eliminate chapters. Although, a complete elimination of misconduct is very difficult, yet with proper changes, a lot of risk related to ethical disasters can be reduced by BBB. References Chircu R. Kaufmann (2000). Limits to value in electronic commerce related IT investments. Journal of Management Information Systems. 17/2: 59-80. Kalshoven, K., Den Hartog, D. N., De Hoogh, A. H. B. (2011). Ethical leader behavior and big five factors of personality. Journal of Business Ethics. 100(2). 349366. Kohli, A. K., Jaworski, B. J. (1990). Market orientation: The construct, research propositions, and managerial implications. Journal of Marketing. 54. 118. Lewis, B. (2002). The moral compass: Corporations arent moral agents, creating interesting dilemmas for business leaders. Info World 24(10). 54. Sims, R. R., Sims, S. J. (1991, March 3). Increasing applied business ethics courses in business school curricula. Journal of Business Ethics, 10(3), 211219. Smith, N. C., Drum wright, M. E., Gentile, M. C. (2010). The new marketing myopia. Journal of Public Policy Marketing, 29(1), 411. Stern, L. (2002). Is your boss honest? 73. Tar, J. J. (2011). Research into quality management and social responsibility.Journal of Business Ethics. 102(4). 623638. Lovallo, D. Kahneman (2003). Delusions of success: how optimism undermines executives decisions. Harvard Business Review. 56-63. Tallon, K. Kraemer Gurbaxani, V. (2000). Executives perceptions of the business value of information technology. Journal of Management Information Systems. 16/4: 145-173. Bazerman, M. H., Tenbrunsel, A. E. (2011). Blind spots. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Boddy, C. R. (2011). Corporate psychopaths, bullying and unfair supervision in the workplace. Journal of Business Ethics. 100(3). 367379. Churchill, L. R. (1982). The teaching of ethics and moral values in teaching: Some contemporary confusion. The Journal of Higher Education. 53(3). 296306. Crotty, J. (2009). Structural causes of the global financial crisis: A critical assessment of the new financial architecture. Cambridge Journal of Economics. 33(4). 563580. Elango, B., Paul, K., Kundu, S. K., Paudel, S. K. (2010). Organizational ethics, individual ethics, and ethical intentions in international decision making. Journal of Business Ethics. 97. 543561. Ethics Resource (2009). National Business Ethics Survey: Ethics in the recession. Retrieved from www.ethics.org/nbes/files/nbes-final.pdf Tar, J. J. (2011). Research into quality management and social responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics. 102(4). 623638. Peppard, J., Ward, J. Daniel, E. (2007). Managing for the realization of business benefits from IT investments. MIS Quarterly Executive. 6/1: 1-11. Ross, J. Weill, P. (2002). Six IT decisions your IT people should not make. Harvard Business Review. 80/11: 84-91. Ross, J. Beath, C. (2002). Beyond the business case: new approaches to IT investment. MIT Sloan Management Review. 43/2: 51-59. LeClair, D. T., Ferrell, O. C., and Fraedrich, J. P. (1998)Integrity Management: A Guide to Managing Legal and Ethical Issues in the Workplace, University of Tampa Press. Enron Code of Ethics, Enron Corporation, 2000: 2. Gottlich, J. A. and Sanzgiri, J. (1996) Towards an Ethical Dimension of Decision Making in Organizations,Journal of Business Ethics.15 (12): 1275-1285. Taub, S. (n.d.) Crisis of Ethics: Ethics Officers Predict a New Wave of Corporate Scandals,COM. [online] Available at: https://www.cfo.com/article.cfm/3005220?f=search. [Accessed: 12th Jan, 2015] Lazere, C. (1997)Ethically Challenged:Teaching Ethics Is Required But Schools Have Wide Latitude in How They Do It, CFO Magazine. Walker Information and Hudson Institute, (1999).Workforce 2020, (Indianapolis, Indiana: Walker Information and Hudson Institute). Ibid, (1999). Walker Information and Hudson Institute. Integrity and Ethics in Public Administration: Polls and Surveys,Public Management, October, 1998, (Public Management: Washington, DC): 3-4. Chandler, R. C. and Wallace, J. D (2001). Brief Results of the Pepperdine University Ethical Misconduct Disaster Recovery Preparedness Survey,Disaster Recovery Journal, 14, Summer 2001 (3), 21-22. Chandler, R. C. (2000) Managing Ethical and Regulatory Compliance Contingencies: Planning and Training Guidelines,Contingency Planning and Management 2000 Proceedings, (Witter Publishing: Flemington, NJ): 6-7 Chandler, R. C. (2005).Ethical Conduct Audit.Pepperdine University.

What Are WordPress Post Formats and Why They Dont Matter

Confused by what WordPress post formats are and whether or not you actually need to care about them?WordPress post formats are kind of like a premade template that you can apply to a blog post to give it a different layout/look on the front-end of your site.In this article, we’ll dig deeper into what WordPress post formats are and how they differ from other common features of the platform. Then, well share some thoughts on why post formats are often not that helpful, and why most WordPress users dont actually bother with post formats. older WordPress Classic editor:And heres what it looks like in the new Gutenberg block editor. Instead of a list of radio boxes, you get a drop-down in the  Status Visibility widget:There are a number of options here, with Standard being the default. Each one of these choices is a different WordPress post format, a feature that’s been included in WordPress since Version 3.1.The question is, what do WordPress post formats do? In a nutshe ll, the format that you select tells your theme how to lay out your blog post, which lets you customize your posts appearance. The Standard option is kind of like your themes default blog post look, while the other formats let you switch things up.For example, the  Audio post format might add an audio player at the top of your post, which is helpful if youre writing about music or something similar.So what do these various post formats look like?Well, theres no single answer here because the formatting of the other options depends on your theme, since developers can design what each post format will look like. In fact, some WordPress themes dont support all the available post formats, which means you might see fewer choices in the list.What do the different WordPress post formats do?For the most part, a WordPress post format results in surprisingly little change to the appearance of a given post. In fact, the majority of themes no longer bother with post formats. This means even i f you choose something other than the default option, your post might look exactly the same as it would have otherwise.The themes that do  still use post formats still tend to keep things simple. For example, here’s what a Standard post looks like in the Hueman blogging theme:If you were to change the WordPress post format to Quote, youd see a simple image adding some quotation marks to the post:The Status post type, on the other hand, increases the font size and removes the post title:This is a pretty representative example of what you’ll find if you try experimenting with post formats on your own site.What is the difference between WordPress post formats and post types?One of the reasons the concept of a post format can be confusing is because it sounds a lot like a ‘post type’. However, it’s important to understand that these are two entirely different features.The term post type is a bit of a misnomer – it’s actually a broad term for the various kinds of content on your site. The two main post types are Post (capital P)  and Page. As you probably know, WordPress handles and displays these very differently.Many themes and plugins will add new post types to your site in order to help you create certain kinds of content more easily. For example, the WooCommerce eCommerce plugin adds a new Products post type that helps you add and manage products at your store:You can even create your own custom post types  if you like.Overall, post types are a central WordPress feature, and one you’ll want to become very familiar with.On the other hand, post formats only apply to actual WordPress posts and are a lot less flexible. This leads us to our final questionShould you use WordPress post formats on your site?Ultimately, in the vast majority of circumstances, there’s little point in changing your WordPress post format to anything other than Standard. There are a number of reasons for this:Most modern th emes don’t bother with post formats. This means you won’t be able to use post formats at all, unless you want to do some custom coding.Themes including formatting for different types of posts generally don’t put much time or effort into this aspect of their design. Therefore, picking a different WordPress post format isnt likely to result in a significantly different look.There are now much better ways to customize the appearance of your WordPress posts if you do want them to look distinct. You can add custom HTML, use a page builder tool, or create a child theme – just to name a few options.If you want to experiment with post formats in your chosen theme, it won’t negatively impact your site in any way – so go ahead! However, it’s a largely obsolete feature at this point, which means there’s no reason to go out of your way to use it (or even  search for a theme that supports it).Additionally, remember that if you do change W ordPress themes in the future, your new theme may or may not support post formats, so that could cause problems when it comes to the formatting of your sites older content.ConclusionThe WordPress software evolves slowly, which means some features stick around even after they’re no longer very relevant or useful. Knowing what functionality matters and what can be safely ignored is part of becoming a savvy WordPress user.The most important thing to understand about post formats is that they’re different from post types. The latter term refers to distinct kinds of content on your site – such as Pages, Posts, and Products – while the former refers to special formatting used to distinguish various types of blog posts. As most themes no longer include special coding for this feature, you’ll be perfectly fine leaving every WordPress post format set to the default option.Do you have any questions about post formats, or any other WordPress terms you’ ve run across? Ask away in the comments section below! What are #WordPress post formats? Spoiler alert: nothing important 🠤 ·Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â„¢â€šÃ¯ ¸ 